We
have already discussed the consequences of this universe; there has been a
detailed discussion of the various scientific models of the future. Today we
will discuss a similar situation, but it is not a specific scientific model,
but rather an attempt to know and understand the future consequences of our
universe through a series of approximate events.
Based
on the mathematical interpretations of different scientists at different times
and the subsequent information sent by different spacecraft, scientists have
realized that space continues to expand with the passage of time. The speed of
this expansion is more than five and a half times the velocity of light. Dark
energy is the driving force behind the expansion of the universe.
The
first successful study of the future of this extended space was made in 1970 by
Bangladeshi astrophysicist Jamal Nazrul Islam and English astrophysicist Freeman
Dyson. This was later studied in more detail by the American astronomers Fred
Adams and Gregory Laughlin. They also wrote a book on the subject called ‘Five
Ages of the Universe’.
In
the researches of scientists, the period from creation to destruction of this
universe has been divided into five parts in total. Some speculations have been
amalgamated with different scientific perspectives behind dividing this period
into different parts. According to scientists, the period of this universe is
divided into five parts - a. Primordial Era, b. Stelliferous Era, c. Degenerate
Era, d. Black Hole Era and e. Dark Era. Let's try to understand all these eras
very briefly
a. Primordial
Era: This universe was formed by the explosion of a tiny
dotted object 1,380 crore years ago today. Matter and time emerged after this
explosion. In addition, a kind of vibration was created between this object
which is still present. This vibration is called Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation.
As a result of these vibrations, matter (hydrogen and dust particles) gradually
spread around and in some places this substance condensed and created a
suitable environment for the formation of stars. It is thought that
this state lasted for about 15 crore years.
b. Stelliferousar
Era: It is estimated that the first star in the universe was
formed 15 crore years after the Big Bang by creating a suitable environment.
Since then, stars have been born from hydrogen and dust-dense area (Nebula) of
space. Under the influence of proper pressure and heat, the process of ignition
(Star-Ignition) of the star in that gas mass begins, literally from that time
the active life of the star begins. It is currently estimated that an average
of one thousand stars are formed every second in this endless space. Stars then
complete its life through various stages. (Links are given for details about
the life cycle of a star: https://spacejagat.blogspot.com/2020/06/the-brief-story-of-stellar-life.html )
The duration of this stellar age will be approximately 10 lakh crore years or
1014 years. There will be a number of notable events during this
time, some of which are:
i.
Integration of the Milky Way
galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy:
At present there is a distance of 25 lakh light years between our galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy. However, this distance is variable because various studies from 2002 to 2020 have shown that this galaxy is rapidly approaching our galaxy. The Andromeda galaxy is approaching our galaxy at a speed of 300 km /sec. At this speed, if the galaxy were to move towards our Milky Way galaxy, there would be intense collisions between these two galaxies in the next 400 crore to 600 crore years, or 1,780 crore to 2,180 crore years after the Big Bang and will merge to form the Milkodromeda or Milkomeda galaxy.
ii.
Consolidation of local
galaxies:
At this time, the
local group of galaxies that have formed 54 galaxies, including our own galaxy,
will begin to merge with each other and eventually merge to form a very large
galaxy. This will happen 1 lakh crore years from today. From this time on, the
brightness of the local galaxies will begin to decrease as the red dwarf stars
will quickly cool down and become white dwarf stars, and at some point of time
the temperature and brightness will drop drastically and eventually become
stellar remnants. But the birth of a new star will not be in that proportion.
iii.
Invisibility of distant
galaxies:
A local group has
been formed with the help of 54 local galaxies including our Milky Way galaxy.
The Virgo super cluster is made up of 100 more such galaxy clusters. With 1
lakh more such super clusters, a very large Laniakea super cluster has been
formed. But after 15 thousand crore years, the galaxies outside the local group
will continue to move farther and farther away due to the effects of dark
matter. Then there will come a time when the effects of those distant galaxies
will no longer fall on the local galaxies, that is, the inter-galactic
relationship will end forever. After a while, those galaxies will turn red for
the Red shift. (Red shift: The phenomenon of long-wavelength rays
coming from an object that is gradually moving away) Then some time will
pass, distant galaxies will go farther, their brightness will decrease further
and finally these galaxies will cross the Cosmic horizon (Cosmic horizon:
The farthest imaginary boundary of space from which no rays can reach the
observer's eye) Then even the gamma
ray from all those galaxies will not reach this galaxy. All of this will happen
2 lakh crore years from now.
c. Degenerate
Era: This era will begin towards the end of the Stelliferous
Era. In this age the creation of stars will be completely stopped. Only the
remnants of the stars will prevail in this era. However, how long this age will
last depends on the decay of protons in the matter present in the universe at
that time. Some of the notable events of this era are:
i.
Stopping the Formation of
Stars:
At this time the
formation of stars will be completely stopped. This will happen 10 lakh crore
years from now. Larger stars will no longer exist in the universe. It is
estimated that only the red dwarf star will be the last active star at that
time. When the fuels in that star are completely depleted, the process of
nuclear fusion will cease and the star will turn into a white dwarf star. At
that time, 90 percent of the brightest stars in space will be white dwarf stars.
Over time, they will fade and cool and become a remnant of the star. In space
at that time there will be remnants of stars, some neutron stars, some black
holes and some brown dwarf cosmic objects which could not be fully developed as
stars. When the last star in the universe is completely extinguished, the whole
universe will be covered in pitch black darkness. However, occasionally light
may appear. This is because if the remnants of more than one star could come
close and create a combined mass greater than 1.4 times the mass of the sun, it
would produce light like a supernova explosion, but it would last for a few
weeks. In addition, neutron stars can combine to form supernovae whose mass can
be up to 6 times the mass of the sun, and this can create a star that must be
suitable for the process of nuclear fusion of carbon. This will create a carbon
star with a lifespan of about 10 lakh years. The third possibility is that if
two helium spheres, whose combined mass is 0.3 times the mass of the sun, come together,
then stars could form in space, and the permanence of these stars would be few
crore years.
ii.
De-orbiting the Planets:
As a result of
gravitational radiation and as the star ceases to function, the planetary
systems of the stars will then be completely destroyed. (Gravitational Radiation:
Gravitational Radiation or Gravitational
Waves are special waves of movement created by an accelerated object.) The
planets will drop out of their orbits and start an unknown journey towards the
eternal space. This will happen 1,000 lakh crore years from now.
iii.
Dynamic relaxation of stars:
The effect of
approaching the remnants of different stars will cause kinetic energy to be
exchanged between the stars. This phenomenon is called Dynamic Relaxation of
the star. During this time, relatively light objects gain intense momentum and
drop out of the galaxy. As a result, 90 to 99 percent of the objects in a
galaxy will be released out of the galaxy with an escape velocity, and the
heavier objects will be relatively immobile, which will prevent them from
leaving the galaxy. All those objects will then travel a little bit towards the
giant black hole located in the centre of the galaxy. This will result in the
formation of a bright ring of light called the Quasar at the centre of the
galaxy. This could happen 10 lakh crore years to 1017 years later
from today.
iv.
Possible ionization of
matter:
When the mass of matter in
the expanding space is drastically reduced, there will be nothing left in this
universe except a few neutron stars, black holes and some cosmic matter. Among
these, this cosmic substance will reach the ionized state because in this state
the decay of protons is estimated. If this condition would be realized, then
the other particle neutron at the centre of the atom of matter would be
destroyed. It is estimated that this event will take place between 1032
and 1038 years from today. Within 1040 years from now,
protons in the atoms of all matter in the universe will be depleted and all
matter will then be converted into gamma rays, (Gamma Ray: A very
short wavelength electromagnetic radiation with high frequency) photons and
leptons (Elementary particles of matter). At the end of this age there will be
no such thing as protons. Many scientists have estimated this time to be 10176
years from today.
Some
also speculate that if the protons do not decay, the Degenerate Era will last
for some more time and it will be possible to restrict the next Black Hole Era
for some more time. According to them, this era of decay will end in 1076
to 10220 years from today.
d. Black
Hole Era: When a large star runs out of fuel, the
atomic fusion process inside it comes to a complete standstill, and that star
first swells up to a neutron star or a black hole through a supernova
explosion. If protons are depleted, it is estimated that the black hole era
will begin in the next 1043 years. There will be huge black holes in
the whole universe and will control the space. The famous English cosmologist
Sir Stephen Hawking has shown through his research that, after the formation of
the black hole, its decay will take place through a very slow process called
Hawking radiation. Through this process, primary particles of matter like
electrons, photons, positrons, antiprotons, gavitrons etc. will be emitted. As
the mass of the black hole decreases, its temperature increases. When the mass
in the black hole reaches 1019 kg, its temperature will reach the
current temperature of the Sun. Then there will be temporary light scattering
from this black hole. Existence in the black hole depends on its mass. The
massive black hole stays in space for a long time and erodes over a long period
of time. During this time, black holes will form which may take 2 X1064
years to evaporate. It will take 2 X 1093 and 2 X 10110
years for the black hole to evaporate ten thousand crore of times and ten lakh
crore times the mass of the sun, respectively. However, if the protons do not
decay, this time may be longer.
e. Dark
Era: When all the black holes have evaporated, there will be
nothing left in the universe except some elementary particles of matter emitted
by them. All these particles will move in space randomly. Sometimes these
particles can face each other. Electrons and positrons will form a temporary
atom called Positronium. The mass of matter in the universe will become
negligible, cosmic activity will cease. The universe will then become a
reservoir of extremely low energy. This era will start 10110 years
from today. However, the decay of protons in that Degenerate Era should be
mentioned here. If protons and neutrons remain intact, black holes will form,
but at extremely slow speeds. 101500 years from now, iron will be
produced through the cool nuclear fusion process (warm nuclear fusion process
takes place inside the star). Again some silicon will be converted to iron in
this process. This will create some iron-stars. The duration of this event will
probably be between 101500 and 103200 from today. In other
words, 101500 years from now, the process of evaporation will begin
to become the black hole of all these iron stars. There will be a complete
vacuum in space after this event. At this point the average temperature in
space will reach absolutely zero temperature. (The Absolute Zero temperature in
science is -273.15 degree Celsius) This condition will probably occur 1010,120
years from today. Scientists then speculate that some more activity may create
an atmosphere similar to the Big Bang, the largest cosmic event that occurred
1,380 crore years ago, and will begin to rewrite the history of the new
universe.
In
addition, scientists have stated that they do not yet have significant data on
the existence of Dark matter and Dark Energy in the universe. It is important
to note that 95% of the material in this observable universe is made up of Dark
matter and Dark Energy. Therefore, it is not possible to make a definite
statement about the future of the universe, unless these two subjects are well
known. It is to be hoped, however, that in the distant future, or in the next
few centuries, human will be able to focus light on these two mysterious
subjects and gather more information, and with the help of it, both the full
scenario of the past and the future of destruction of the universe will be clear.
DECLARATION: All The Images Have Been Sourced From Google.
